Advanced watermarking system and method

ABSTRACT

A method, computer program product, and computing device for obtaining an uncompressed digital media data file. One or more default watermarks is inserted into the uncompressed digital media data file to form a watermarked uncompressed digital media data file. The watermarked uncompressed digital media data file is compressed to form a first watermarked compressed digital media data file. The first watermarked compressed media data file is stored on a storage device. The first watermarked compressed media data file is retrieved from the storage device. The first watermarked compressed digital media data file is modified to associate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file with a transaction identifier to form a second watermarked compressed digital media data file.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of the following application, whichis herein incorporated by reference: U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 60/956,545, entitled “Advanced Two-Stage Transactional AudioWatermarking”, filed 17 Aug. 2007.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to watermarking of digital media and, moreparticularly, to digital watermarking performed in multiple stages.

BACKGROUND

The advent of digital media, such as digital speech, audio, graphics,images, and video, has significantly improved many existingapplications, as well as introduced many new applications. This is due,in large part, to the relative ease by which digital media may bestored, transmitted, searched, and accessed.

Media data is often analog data that is converted into digital datausing e.g., Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM), which may result in thegeneration of a significant amount of digital data. As an example, highquality PCM digital music is available on Compact Disk (CD). When amusic CD is encoded with stereo PCM digital music at a sampling rate of44.1 kHz with sixteen bits per sample (generating a raw data rate of1411 kbits/s), the music CD is capable of storing about 650 megabytes ofdigital music with error correction (about 64 minutes of music) andabout 746 megabytes of digital music without error correction (about 74minutes of music).

Unfortunately, due to the size of the above-described PCM digital musicfiles, when downloading/transferring such digital music files, thedownload/transfer may take a considerable amount of time. Thus, forefficient communication, storage and/or transmission of digital musicfiles, the digital music files may be compressed using one of aplurality of compression techniques (e.g., MPEG and ITU-T standardscommittees, as well as proprietary solutions).

Over time the approaches used for compression have grown verysophisticated. Indeed, these approaches may allow high compression foraudio that can reach a factor between 5 and 15, while still producingvery high psychoacoustic quality that is similar to the uncompressedaudio. Moreover, the compression factor attainable for video is evenhigher, and depending on the resolution, it can vary between factors of10 and 100. For instance, due to such compression schemes, digitizedmovies with standard television resolution and quality have beenavailable on Digital Video Discs (DVD's) for approximately 10 years, andthey are now also available in High Definition format as well.

However, digital multimedia, if unprotected, also brings with it anincrease in the risk of piracy. For one, the process of copying ofdigital multimedia content does not incur any additional loss of qualitydue to multigenerational effects (associated with analog audio or videotapes), as e.g., the one millionth copy is identical to the original.This is not only a problem with uncompressed multimedia, but even moreso with compressed multimedia. With modest compression factors of, e.g.,5, the quality of music can remain perceptually perfect when state ofthe art compression schemes are used, while enabling a music album to bedownloaded/transferred 5 times faster (e.g., in about 6 minutes insteadof 30 minutes).

Furthermore, extraction tools are freely available on the internet forripping of CDs and protected DVDs, as well as tools for re-compressingmultimedia content in various formats. Coupled with the advent ofpeer-to-peer (P2P) networking, large multimedia files can be easilyposted on the internet and illegally shared with millions of users. Thisresults in a significant amount of piracy and, thus, lost revenues forcontent owners. Further, this type of piracy requires complex monitoringto determine the identity of pirates and downloaders of pirated content.Thus, digital multimedia, if unprotected, can pose a significantchallenge to preventing piracy.

To address this challenge, a committee effort was launched in 1998 fordeveloping a Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) standard thatcomprised a specification for portable devices and an overallarchitecture for delivery of digital music. Digital watermarks wereproposed as a key component of the SDMI system. The embedded watermarks,when extracted by a suitable detector, could be used to control aspectsof a digital music system (e.g., permit or deny recording, allow copyinga certain number of times). Other notable uses of digital watermarksinclude their ability to establish authorship or ownership, define usagerights and copyright control, and verify the integrity of the content.

In September of 2000, SDMI invited the public to test the attackresistance of its watermarking technology. While a discussion of theresults of these tests is beyond the scope of this application, manyvulnerabilities of specific watermarking technologies were demonstratedduring the SDMI challenge. This eventually led to the abandonment ofSDMI's program.

In general, digital watermarks can be either robust or fragile dependingon their design. A robust watermark is intended to survive commonattacks by securely carrying embedded information, while a fragilewatermark is intended to indicate whether the audio signal has beenchanged due to certain processing methods, including compression,filtering, as well as some types of attack. In the past, watermarks,such as those developed by SDMI, have predominately been used to carryinformation about access rights to a multimedia file by the user.However, they can also be used to transport information about auser-initiated multimedia file purchase transaction.

Transactional watermarking may thus be described as the process ofdigital watermarking of each copy of multimedia content with a uniquewatermark to allow identification of the specific transaction, which mayinclude information related to the purchase and/or download of themultimedia content itself. This type of watermarking introducesadditional technological hurdles as compared to general watermarking, asinformation about a transaction is only available at the time of thetransaction. Therefore, embedding must be performed in realtime (i.e.,at the time of the transaction).

Conventionally, transactional watermarking has yielded functional, butless than ideal results. For example, FIG. 1 a shows a high-level viewof conventional watermarking system 10 for watermarking of digitalaudio. Digital audio may be provided as input to watermark embedder 12as well as to perceptual analyzer 14. Concurrently, the message to beembedded in the digital audio file may be provided to watermarkgenerator 16, which converts the message to binary code (i.e.,watermark) for embedding. Watermark embedder 12 performs the function ofembedding this watermark in the audio signal of the digital audio file,but does so while ensuring that the watermark is below the threshold ofaudibility. To accomplish this, perceptual analyzer 14 measures theamount of masking energy present and modulates the strength of thewatermark to be embedded. Watermark embedder 12 may employ any number ofknown principles of watermarking, however, a spread spectrum embeddergenerally provides higher quality results. The resulting watermarkedaudio signal is then encoded (i.e., compressed) by digital audio encoder18 (e.g., MP3, AAC, WindowsMediaAudio (WMA), or RealAudio (RA) encoder),resulting in a watermarked compressed digital audio file ofcorresponding format.

The primary limitation of this system is that it is not practical forrealtime distribution on a large scale. For example, if employed as anonline music store application, conventional watermarking system 10would result in a system of very high complexity that would be highlyinefficient when serving a large number of music files simultaneously.As discussed above, due to size considerations, online music/mediastores generally distribute compressed media files to promote efficienttransmission (as well as efficient storage), which may be performedafter a media file has been watermarked. However, since transactioninformation is only known at the time of the transaction, such a systemrequires realtime watermarking and realtime encoding of thousands, andpossibly tens of thousands, of music streams being requested at anygiven time. This makes such a system excessively complex, expensive, anddelay sensitive for an online store application.

An example of a conventional approach intended to remedy the limitationsof conventional watermarking system 10 is shown at FIG. 1 b. Alternateconventional watermarking system 20 of FIG. 1 b operates in compressed(bitstream) domain 22. In this system, digital music/audio files mayfirst be encoded by a digital audio encoder 24 similar to that discussedearlier. The resulting compressed audio streams are then stored incompressed media server 26. When specific music content is requested,the corresponding stream is retrieved from compressed media server 26,and partially decoded in partial digital audio decoder 28 to prepare itfor embedding of a watermark. The message provided as input to watermarkgenerator 30 is converted to binary code (representing a watermark) andthen provided to quantizer scale factors sequence changes mapper 32.

Quantizer scale factors sequence changes mapper 32 alters aspects of theaudio encoding that, for example, can slightly change the quantizationscale factors of the audio signal of the digital audio file to mimic asequence of binary digits in order to form a watermark. The selectedquantization scale factors may then need to be re-applied on transformcoefficients and the changed scale factors, as well as resultingcoefficients, may need to be re-encoded in partial digital audiore-encoder 34. The resulting compressed stream is then output, andcarries a hidden watermark that may be extracted by a watermarkextractor by correctly interpreting embedded variations in quantizationscale factors.

The primary limitation of alternate conventional watermarking system 20is that it is not highly robust. Due to the fact that it operatesentirely in the compressed bitstream domain, the coding parameters(e.g., quantization scale factors) of the resulting watermarkedcompressed digital audio file are rather easy to modify, rendering thewatermark useless. A secondary limitation arises from the practical needfor fast processing. While alternate conventional watermarking system 20is more efficient than conventional watermarking system 10, as itoperates in compressed domain, the amount of possible realtimeprocessing is still limited.

Overall, at the present time, no single commercial watermarking solutionexists that can efficiently, securely, in large numbers, and inrealtime, address the problem of recording transactional watermarks intomultimedia content.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

In a first implementation, a method including obtaining an uncompresseddigital media data file. One or more default watermarks is inserted intothe uncompressed digital media data file to form a watermarkeduncompressed digital media data file. The watermarked uncompresseddigital media data file is compressed to form a first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file. The first watermarked compressedmedia data file is stored on a storage device. The first watermarkedcompressed media data file is retrieved from the storage device. Thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file is modified toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file witha transaction identifier to form a second watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file.

One or more of the following features may be included. Modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file may includemodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file withan asset identifier. Modifying the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may include modifying the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file in realtime/near realtime.

The second watermarked compressed digital media data file may be storedon the storage device. The uncompressed digital media data file may beselected from the group consisting of: an audio file and a digital audioportion of a digital audio-visual file. The one or more defaultwatermarks may include asset-specific information. The uncompresseddigital media data file may be compressed to form an unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude combining at least a portion of the unwatermarked compresseddigital media data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to form the second watermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating the transaction identifier, the transactionidentifier indicative, at least in part, of an association of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file with a specifictransaction. The transaction identifier may be converted into a binarycodeword. At least a portion of an unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may be combined with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file. The binary codeword maydefine at least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digital mediadata file and at least a portion of the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file to be combined.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating an asset identifier, the asset identifier indicative,at least in part, of an association of asset-specific information withthe first watermarked compressed digital media data file. The assetidentifier may be converted into a binary codeword. At least a portionof an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file may be combinedwith at least a portion of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file. The binary codeword may define at least a portion ofthe unwatermarked compressed digital media data file and at least aportion of the first watermarked compressed digital media data file tobe combined.

In another implementation, a computer program product resides on acomputer readable medium having a plurality of instructions stored onit. When executed by a processor, the instructions cause the processorto perform operations including obtaining an uncompressed digital mediadata file. One or more default watermarks is inserted into theuncompressed digital media data file to form a watermarked uncompresseddigital media data file. The watermarked uncompressed digital media datafile is compressed to form a first watermarked compressed digital mediadata file. The first watermarked compressed media data file is stored ona storage device. The first watermarked compressed media data file isretrieved from the storage device. The first watermarked compresseddigital media data file is modified to associate the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file with a transaction identifier to forma second watermarked compressed digital media data file.

One or more of the following features may be included. Modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file may includemodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file withan asset identifier. Modifying the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may include modifying the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file in realtime/near realtime.

The second watermarked compressed digital media data file may be storedon the storage device. The uncompressed digital media data file may beselected from the group consisting of: an audio file and a digital audioportion of a digital audio-visual file. The one or more defaultwatermarks may include asset-specific information. The uncompresseddigital media data file may be compressed to form an unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude combining at least a portion of the unwatermarked compresseddigital media data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to form the second watermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating the transaction identifier, the transactionidentifier indicative, at least in part, of an association of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file with a specifictransaction. The transaction identifier may be converted into a binarycodeword. At least a portion of an unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may be combined with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file. The binary codeword maydefine at least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digital mediadata file and at least a portion of the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file to be combined.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating an asset identifier, the asset identifier indicative,at least in part, of an association of asset-specific information withthe first watermarked compressed digital media data file. The assetidentifier may be converted into a binary codeword. At least a portionof an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file may be combinedwith at least a portion of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file. The binary codeword may define at least a portion ofthe unwatermarked compressed digital media data file and at least aportion of the first watermarked compressed digital media data file tobe combined.

In another implementation, a computing device is configured to performoperations including obtaining an uncompressed digital media data file.One or more default watermarks is inserted into the uncompressed digitalmedia data file to form a watermarked uncompressed digital media datafile. The watermarked uncompressed digital media data file is compressedto form a first watermarked compressed digital media data file. Thefirst watermarked compressed media data file is stored on a storagedevice. The first watermarked compressed media data file is retrievedfrom the storage device. The first watermarked compressed digital mediadata file is modified to associate the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file with a transaction identifier to form a secondwatermarked compressed digital media data file.

One or more of the following features may be included. Modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file may includemodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file withan asset identifier. Modifying the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may include modifying the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file in realtime/near realtime.

The second watermarked compressed digital media data file may be storedon the storage device. The uncompressed digital media data file may beselected from the group consisting of: an audio file and a digital audioportion of a digital audio-visual file. The one or more defaultwatermarks may include asset-specific information. The uncompresseddigital media data file may be compressed to form an unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude combining at least a portion of the unwatermarked compresseddigital media data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to form the second watermarkedcompressed digital media data file.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating the transaction identifier, the transactionidentifier indicative, at least in part, of an association of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file with a specifictransaction. The transaction identifier may be converted into a binarycodeword. At least a portion of an unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file may be combined with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file. The binary codeword maydefine at least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digital mediadata file and at least a portion of the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file to be combined.

Modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file mayinclude generating an asset identifier, the asset identifier indicative,at least in part, of an association of asset-specific information withthe first watermarked compressed digital media data file. The assetidentifier may be converted into a binary codeword. At least a portionof an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file may be combinedwith at least a portion of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file. The binary codeword may define at least a portion ofthe unwatermarked compressed digital media data file and at least aportion of the first watermarked compressed digital media data file tobe combined.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features andadvantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, andthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1( a) is a diagrammatic view of a prior art watermarking system;

FIG. 1( b) is diagrammatic view of another prior art watermarkingsystem;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a digital media watermarking system, amedia distribution application, and client applications coupled to adistributed computing network;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process executed by the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a portion of the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5( a) is a diagrammatic view of a portion of the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5( b) is a diagrammatic view of exemplary encoding optionscontrolled by a process executed by the digital media watermarkingsystem of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6( a) is a flowchart of a process executed by the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6( b) is a flowchart of a process executed by the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of a portion of the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 8( a)-8(e) are diagrammatic views of exemplary watermarkplacements as executed by the digital media watermarking system of FIG.2;

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view of a portion of the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view of a portion of the digital mediawatermarking system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic view of a spread spectrum marker signal;

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view of a pn sequence generator;

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view of a perceptually weighted embedder;

FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic view of an input audio signal;

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic view of a spectral distribution; and

FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic view of a perceptually weighted spreadspectrum marker.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS System Overview

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown digital media watermarking process50 that may reside on and may be executed by server computer 52, whichmay be connected to network 54 (e.g., the Internet or a local areanetwork). Examples of server computer 52 may include, but are notlimited to: a personal computer, a server computer, a series of servercomputers, a mini computer, and a mainframe computer. Server computer 52may be a web server (or a series of servers) running a network operatingsystem, examples of which may include but are not limited to: MicrosoftWindows XP Server™; Novell Netware™; or Redhat Linux™, for example.Alternatively, digital media watermarking process 50 may reside on andbe executed, in whole or in part, by a client electronic device, such asa personal computer, notebook computer, personal digital assistant, orthe like.

The instruction sets and subroutines of digital media watermarkingprocess 50, which may be stored on storage device 56 coupled to servercomputer 52, may be executed by one or more processors (not shown) andone or more memory architectures (not shown) incorporated into servercomputer 52. Storage device 56 may include but is not limited to: a harddisk drive; a tape drive; an optical drive; a RAID array; a randomaccess memory (RAM); and a read-only memory (ROM).

Server computer 52 may execute a web server application, examples ofwhich may include but are not limited to: Microsoft IIS™, NovellWebserver™, or Apache Webserver™, that allows for HTTP (i.e., HyperTextTransfer Protocol) access to server computer 52 via network 54. Network54 may be connected to one or more secondary networks (e.g., network58), examples of which may include but are not limited to: a local areanetwork; a wide area network; or an intranet, for example.

Server computer 52 may execute a media distribution application,examples of which may include, but are not limited to RealNetworksRhapsody Server™, Apple iTunes Server™, and Microsoft Windows MediaServer™ Media distribution application 60 may distribute requested mediacontent from digital media watermarking process 50 (which acquiresuncompressed digital media files that may be stored, at least in part,in uncompressed media library 62, residing on storage device 56 ofserver computer 52) to online media client applications, e.g., onlinemedia client applications 64, 66, 68, 70. Examples of online mediaclient applications 64, 66, 68, 70 may include but are not limited toRealNetworks Rhapsody™, Apple iTunes™, and Microsoft Windows MediaPlayer™, for example. The requested media content provided to mediadistribution application 60 by digital media watermarking process 50 isstored in uncompressed digital media library 62. Digital mediawatermarking process 50 may be a stand alone application that interfaceswith media distribution application 60 or an applet/application that isexecuted within media distribution application 60.

The instruction sets and subroutines of media distribution application60, which may be stored on storage device 56 coupled to server computer52 may be executed by one or more processors (not shown) and one or morememory architectures (not shown) incorporated into server computer 52.

As mentioned above, in addition/as an alternative to being aserver-based application residing on server computer 52, digital mediawatermarking process 50 may be a client-side application (not shown)residing on one or more client electronic device 80, 82, 84, 86 (e.g.,stored on storage device 72, 74, 76, 78, respectively), and executed bya processor (not shown) and memory architecture (not shown) incorporatedinto the one or more client electronic devices. The client-side digitalmedia watermarking system (not shown) may be a stand alone applicationthat interfaces with an online media client application (e.g., onlinemedia client applications 64, 66, 68, 70), or may be anapplet/application that is executed within an online media clientapplication. As such, digital media watermarking system 50 may be aclient-side application, a server-based application, or a hybridclient-side/server-based application, which may be executed, in whole orin part, by server computer 52, and/or one or more client electronicdevice (e.g., client electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86).

The instruction sets and subroutines of online media client applications64, 66, 68, 70, which may be stored on storage devices 72, 74, 76, 78(respectively) coupled to client electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86(respectively), may be executed by one or more processors (not shown)and one or more memory architectures (not shown) incorporated intoclient electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86 (respectively). Storage devices72, 74, 76, 78 may include but are not limited to: hard disk drives;tape drives; optical drives; RAID arrays; random access memories (RAM);read-only memories (ROM), compact flash (CF) storage devices, securedigital (SD) storage devices, and memory stick storage devices. Examplesof client electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86 may include, but are notlimited to, personal computer 80, laptop computer 82, personal digitalassistant 84, notebook computer 86, a data-enabled, cellular telephone(not shown), and a dedicated network device (not shown), for example.Using online media client applications 64, 66, 68, 70, users 88, 90, 92,94 may access media distribution application 60 and may request thedelivery of media content.

Users 88, 90, 92, 94 may access media distribution application 60directly through the device on which the online media client application(e.g., online media client applications 64, 66, 68, 70) is executed,namely client electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86, for example. Users 88,90, 92, 94 may access media distribution application 60 directly throughnetwork 54 or through secondary network 58. Further, server computer 52(i.e., the computer that executes media distribution application 60) maybe connected to network 54 through secondary network 58, as illustratedwith phantom link line 96.

The various client electronic devices may be directly or indirectlycoupled to network 54 (or network 58). For example, personal computer 80is shown directly coupled to network 54 via a hardwired networkconnection. Further, notebook computer 86 is shown directly coupled tonetwork 58 via a hardwired network connection. Laptop computer 82 isshown wirelessly coupled to network 54 via wireless communicationchannel 98 established between laptop computer 82 and wireless accesspoint (i.e., WAP) 100, which is shown directly coupled to network 54.WAP 100 may be, for example, an IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n,Wi-Fi, and/or Bluetooth device that is capable of establishing wirelesscommunication channel 98 between laptop computer 82 and WAP 100.Personal digital assistant 84 is shown wirelessly coupled to network 54via wireless communication channel 102 established between personaldigital assistant 84 and cellular network/bridge 104, which is showndirectly coupled to network 54.

As is known in the art, all of the IEEE 802.11x specifications may useEthernet protocol and carrier sense multiple access with collisionavoidance (i.e., CSMA/CA) for path sharing. The various 802.11xspecifications may use phase-shift keying (i.e., PSK) modulation orcomplementary code keying (i.e., CCK) modulation, for example. As isknown in the art, Bluetooth is a telecommunications industryspecification that allows e.g., mobile phones, computers, and personaldigital assistants to be interconnected using a short-range wirelessconnection.

Client electronic devices 80, 82, 84, 86 may each execute an operatingsystem, examples of which may include but are not limited to MicrosoftWindows™, Microsoft Windows CE™, Redhat Linux™, or a custom operatingsystem.

Referring also to FIGS. 3 & 4, there is shown a diagrammatic view ofdigital media watermarking process 50. While, as discussed above,digital media watermarking process 50 may be a stand alone applicationthat interfaces with media distribution application 60 or anapplet/application that is executed within media distributionapplication 60, for illustrative purposes, digital media watermarkingprocess 50 will be described in this disclosure as being executed withinmedia distribution application 60. Further and also for illustrativepurposes, media distribution application 60 will be described as anonline music store. However, this is not intended to be a limitation ofthis disclosure and, accordingly, the following discussion may beequally applied to a variety of media delivery systems or in anindependent digital media watermarking environment devoid of deliveryconsiderations.

Within the illustrative context of an online music store, upon requestfrom media distribution application 60 (e.g., in response to atransaction initiated by one or more of users 88, 90, 92, 94), digitalmedia watermarking process 50 may obtain 150 uncompressed media datafile 200 from uncompressed digital media library 62. Digital mediawatermarking process 50 may also insert 152 one or more defaultwatermarks 202 into uncompressed media data file 200 to form watermarkeduncompressed media data file 204. Furthermore, digital mediawatermarking process 50 may compress 154 watermarked uncompressed mediadata file 204 to form watermarked compressed media data file 206.Additionally, digital media watermarking process 50 may also compress156 uncompressed media data file 200 to form unwatermarked compressedmedia data file 208.

Watermarked compressed media data file 206 may then be modified 158 bydigital media watermarking process 50 to associate watermarkedcompressed media data file 206 with information selected from at leastone of a transaction identifier 210 and an asset identifier 212 to formnon-generic compressed media data file 214. As will be described morefully below, transaction identifier 210 may include information about arealtime transaction, and asset identifier 212 may include informationabout the digital media data file (e.g., uncompressed media data file200 or non-generic compressed media data file 214). Digital mediawatermarking process 50 may then provide non-generic compressed mediadata file 214 to media distribution application 60 for e.g., delivery tousers 88, 90, 92, 94.

As will be discussed in greater detail below, digital media watermarkingprocess 50 may perform several functions prior to a request from mediadistribution application 60 (i.e., prior to a transaction initiated by,e.g., one or more of users 88, 90, 92, 94). These functions may include,but are not limited to: obtaining 150 uncompressed media data file 200;inserting 152 one or more default watermarks 202 into uncompressed mediadata file 200 to form watermarked uncompressed media data file 204;compressing 154 watermarked uncompressed media data file 204 to formwatermarked compressed media data file 206; and compressing 156uncompressed media data file 200 to form unwatermarked compressed mediadata file 208. Such a case of pre-transaction processing by digitalmedia watermarking process 50 may be referred to as non-realtimeprocessing 250. Conversely, and as will be described in detail below,post-transaction processing by digital media watermarking process 50 maybe referred to as realtime processing.

Non-Realtime Processing:

Referring also to FIG. 5( a), digital media watermarking process 50 mayperform non-realtime processing 250 prior to initiation of a transactionby e.g., one or more of users 88, 90, 92, 94. For example, inpreparation for distribution by media distribution application 60,digital media watermarking process 50 may perform non-realtimeprocessing 250 on a subset (or all) of uncompressed media data files 200stored in uncompressed digital media library 62. However, this is notintended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as digital mediawatermarking process 50 may perform non-realtime processing 250 on asubset (or all) of uncompressed media data file 200 stored inuncompressed digital media library 62 in response to initiation of atransaction (i.e., in realtime) by e.g., one or more of users 88, 90,92, 94.

To accomplish the above-described non-realtime processing 250 of digitalmedia watermarking process 50, one or more of the following may beutilized: non-realtime media manager 252, default transaction identifierembedder 254, default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256,watermarked digital media encoder 258, and unwatermarked digital mediaencoder 260. Non-realtime media manager 252 may manage thetransformation of uncompressed media data file 200 into watermarkedcompressed media data file 206 as well as the transformation ofuncompressed media data file 200 into unwatermarked compressed mediadata file 208. Default transaction identifier embedder 254 may insert152 one or more transaction identifiers 210 into uncompressed media datafile 200. Default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256 mayinsert 152 one or more asset identifiers 212 into uncompressed mediadata file 200.

Watermarked digital media encoder 258 may compress 154 watermarkeduncompressed media data file 204 to form watermarked compressed mediadata file 206. Unwatermarked digital media encoder 260 may compress 156uncompressed media data file 200 from its initial state to formunwatermarked compressed media data file 208.

Referring to the transformation of uncompressed media data file 200 intowatermarked compressed media data file 206, non-realtime media manager252 of digital media watermarking process 50 may obtain 150 uncompressedmedia data file 200 from uncompressed digital media library 62. Forexample, non-realtime media manager 252 may manage the obtaining 150 ofuncompressed media data file 200 from uncompressed digital media library62 and its delivery to default transaction identifier embedder 254 forinsertion 152 of transaction identifier 210.

Referring also to FIG. 5( b), in addition to managing data propagationthroughout non-realtime processing 250, non-realtime media manager 252may also manage encoding options. Examples of encoding options mayinclude, but are not limited to: selection of compression schemeparameters 270 (examples of which are provided below); defining of aplurality of media data file parameters 272 based upon, at least inpart, the attributes of uncompressed media data file 200, watermarkedcompressed media data file 206, and unwatermarked compressed media datafile 208; and selection of watermark scheme 274. The selection ofwatermark scheme 274 may include, but is not limited to, determining thetype, frequency, and location of watermark insertion 152, as well as theparameters that define any particular watermark (e.g., watermark size,default watermark values, etc.).

Examples of the format of uncompressed media data file 200 obtained 150from uncompressed media data library 62 may include, but are not limitedto: purchased downloads received from media distribution application 60(i.e., media content licensed to e.g., user 88 for use in perpetuity);and subscription downloads received from media distribution application60 (i.e., media content licensed to e.g., user 88 for use while a validsubscription exists with media distribution application 60), forexample.

Examples of the types of non-generic compressed media data file 214(and/or uncompressed media data file 200) distributed by mediadistribution application 60 may include: audio media data files(examples of which may include but are not limited to music files, audionews broadcasts, audio sports broadcasts, and audio recordings of books,for example); audio/video media data files (examples of which mayinclude but are not limited to a/v news broadcasts, a/v sportsbroadcasts, feature-length movies and movie clips, music videos, andepisodes of television shows, for example); and multimedia content mediadata files (examples of which may include but are not limited tointeractive presentations and slideshows, for example).

While uncompressed media data file 200 is described herein as an audio(e.g., music) file, this is for exemplary purposes only. Uncompressedmedia data file 200 may also include a digital audio portion of adigital audio-visual file (not shown). For example, multi-mediacontainers (i.e., files containing embedded audio and video streams) arealso contemplated in the scope of this disclosure. Examples of suchinclude, but are not limited to: RealMedia™ 3gp, ASF, AVI, MPEG-2, MP4,and MOV.

Referring also to FIG. 6( a), the process of inserting 152 transactionidentifier 210 into uncompressed media data file 200 (i.e., at defaulttransaction identifier embedder 254) may be more fully described. By wayof example only, specific values are provided to explain the insertionprocess, however, as is understood by one of skill in the art, manyother suitable values may be selected.

In preparation for the insertion 152 of transaction identifier 210,uncompressed media data file 200 may be divided 300 into a plurality ofsegments (i.e., N segments). Each segment may consist of e.g., fiftyframes, with each frame consisting of e.g., 1,024 samples. An exemplarydigital audio file may be encoded in Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) format.As is known in the art, a PCM encoded digital audio file may be sampledat 44.1 kHz with sixteen bits/sample. Thus, a segment may consist of51,200 samples, or 819,200 bits. As the number of segments per digitalaudio file depends on the length of the digital audio file, a length oftwo minutes (i.e., one-hundred-twenty seconds) will be used forillustrative purposes. Therefore, where: audio_length is the number ofseconds in a given digital audio file; sample_rate is the number ofsamples recorded per second; and segment_size is computed as describedabove (e.g., fifty frames @ 1,024 samples per frame), dividing 300uncompressed media data file 200 into N segments may be performed asfollows:N=(audio_length*sample_rate)/segment_sizeN=(120 seconds*44,100 samples per second)/(1,024 samples per frame*50frames per segment)

Applying this formula to the above-described example of a two-minutedigital audio file, the digital audio file may consist of 103.359segments (i.e., one-hundred-three complete segments and one partialsegment).

Default transaction identifier embedder 254 may read 302 the bit patternof transaction identifier 210 to have a length of L markers, where amarker may consist of 4,096 chips. As is known in the art, a chip mayrepresent a binary “1” or “0”. As a transaction has not yet occurred, adefault value for the length of transaction identifier 210 may beprovided. For example, transaction identifier 210 may consist of fiftymarkers, totaling 204,800 chips, wherein the chips may all be pre-set tobinary “1” or “0”. As will be discussed below in greater detail,asset-specific information (upon which asset identifier 212 is defined)may be known prior to the occurrence of a transaction, in which case thespecific length of asset identifier 212 may similarly be known. Thus, anactual value for M, the length of asset identifier 212, may be generated(and read 302 by default transaction identifier embedder 254) in lieu ofa default value.

Given the values provided by L and M, default transaction identifierembedder 254 may generate 304 the spread spectrum watermark. As is knownin the art, the principles of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)technology are utilized to generate transaction identifier 210. Forexample and referring also to FIG. 7, when generating 304 the spreadspectrum watermark, cosine waveform generator 306 may generate a cosinewaveform based upon an input of the desired frequency. Cosine waveformgenerator 306 may then provide the generated cosine waveform to BinaryPhase Shift Keying (BPSK) Multiplier 308. Concurrently, pseudo-noise(pn) sequence generator 310 may provide an accompanying pn sequence toBPSK multiplier 308, thus enabling BPSK multiplier 308 to generatetransaction identifier 210.

As is known in the art, pn sequence generator 310 may generate a pnsequence that is a secondary sequence obtained from a root pn sequenceby cyclic rotation. Thus, pn sequence generator 310 may generate acosine waveform that corresponds to the state of a chip (i.e., “1” or“0”) based upon the root pn sequence. For example, a chip thatcorresponds to a cosine waveform with a length of twelve samples may beused to represent binary “1”, and its complement may be used torepresent binary “0”. The actual length of the generated pn sequence maythus be given by 2¹²−1 (i.e., 4095), which may be made even by adding adummy chip (i.e., 4095+1=4096). Accordingly, the length of a single DSSSsignal may be 49,152 samples (i.e., 4096*12), and such a signal may beused to represent a marker as described above.

Moreover, as processes utilizing BPSK multipliers inherently generatetwo types of markers (i.e., binary “1” or binary “0”), a pn sequenceconsisting of a string of binary 1's may be referred to as a positivemarker. Conversely, a pn sequence consisting of a string of binary 0'smay be referred to as a negative marker. Thus, in the event that defaultvalues are used when generating 304 the spread spectrum watermark (e.g.,transaction identifier 210 or asset identifier 212), BPSK multiplier 308may generate a positive or negative marker.

Referring again to FIG. 6( a), default transaction identifier embedder254 may set 312 several initial count values related to the embedding oftransaction identifier 210. As digital audio files frequently begin withlow native spectral energy (i.e., low audible sound), setting 312 aninitial count value may establish an offset value, e.g., init, fromwhich a first transaction identifier 210 may be embedded into thedigital audio file. Additionally, when setting 312 an initial countvalue, the number of transaction identifiers 210 and the residualtransaction identifiers (not shown) that may be embedded intouncompressed media data file 200 may be calculated. Setting 312 aninitial count value may also initialize a counter, e.g., transID_count,that may be used to maintain the current number of times thattransaction identifier 210 has been embedded.

For example, where J represents the number of transaction identifiers210 that may be inserted 152, J may be given as:J=|(N−init)/(L+M)|j=|((N−init)%(L+M))/(L+1)|J=J+j

As will be discussed in greater detail below, one or moresynchronization markers (not shown) may be embedded into uncompressedmedia data file 200 to enhance the detectability of a watermark (e.g.,transaction identifier 210 or asset identifier 212). In such a case, thesynchronization marker may be accounted for in the calculation of J. Forexample:J=|(N−init)/(L+M+2)|j=|((N−init)%(L+M+2))/(L+1)|J=J+j

Given the above calculated values for e.g., the number of transactionidentifiers 210 (i.e., J), the length of transaction identifier 210 andasset identifier 212 (i.e., L and M, respectively), and the number ofsegments of uncompressed media data file 200 (i.e., N), as well as othervalues to the extent necessary, embedding may proceed.

The remaining processes (i.e., 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, and 326)may constitute a loop for embedding transaction identifier 210 a numberof times (as represented by J). For illustrative purposes, an exemplaryembedding process is described. Default transaction identifier embedder254 may compute 314 the offset of the location in uncompressed mediadata file 200 where the next transaction identifier 210 may be embedded.Default transaction identifier embedder 254 may initialize 316 a segmentcounter (e.g., marked_segment_count) with a default value (e.g., 0) toincrement as each segment is marked. Next, a nested loop of processesmay be performed by default transaction identifier embedder 254,starting by perceptually modulating and embedding 318 a marker (notshown) of transaction identifier 210 (where L represents the totalnumber of markers constituting transaction identifier 210) into asegment.

The process of perceptually weighting the amplitude of a DSSS signal(i.e., marker) to mask its frequency components by the spectral energyof the native audio is known in the art, which is performed to renderthe marker below the threshold of human hearing (i.e., inaudible). Forexample, a perceptually weighted embedder (not shown) may perform aperceptual masking analysis of a segment of uncompressed media data file200 and, using a weighting amplitude calculator (not shown), modulatethe marker to be embedded in the segment. The perceptually weightedembedder may then embed the modulated marker into the segment ofuncompressed media data file 200, wherein the modulated marker isinaudible to, e.g., users 88, 90, 92, 94.

After perceptually modulating and embedding 318 a marker of transactionidentifier 210, default transaction identifier embedder 254 mayincrement 320 the value of the counter representing the number of markedsegments (e.g., marked_segment_count). This nested loop of processes318, 320 may be repeated as long as the number of marked segments isless than the number of markers constituting transaction identifier 210.That is, default transaction identifier embedder 254 may confirm 322that transaction identifier 210 was successfully embedded.

Once default transaction identifier embedder 254 confirms 322 thattransaction identifier 210 was embedded successfully, defaulttransaction identifier embedder 254 may increment 324 the value of thecounter used to maintain the current number of times transactionidentifier 210 has been embedded (e.g., transID_count). Defaulttransaction identifier embedder 254 may confirm 326 that transactionidentifier 210 has been embedded into uncompressed media data file 200the desired number of times (e.g., by calculating whether transID_countis less than J). If default transaction identifier embedder 254 does notconfirm 326 such, the process is repeated (from offset computationprocess 314). If 326 default transaction identifier embedder 254confirms that all watermarks (e.g., one or more default watermarks 202)have been successfully embedded into uncompressed digital media file200, digital media watermarking process 50 has successfully generatedwatermarked uncompressed media data file 204.

While the above discussion has generally described the insertion 152 oftransaction identifier 210 into uncompressed media data file 200, thesame procedure may be followed for insertion 152 of asset identifier212, or any other watermark including, but not limited to: asynchronization word, a speed change word, a space, a content provideridentifier, and a distributor identifier. Moreover, the above discussionhas involved inserting 152 watermarks with default values (e.g.,transaction identifier 210), however, this is not to be construed as alimitation of this disclosure.

For example, in many instances asset-specific information represented byasset identifier 212 may be known apriori. That is, although transactioninformation (represented by e.g., transaction identifier 210) may not beknown prior to the initiation of a transaction by e.g., users 88, 90,92, 94, asset information related to an asset (e.g., uncompressed mediadata file 200) may be known in advance. Thus, rather than inserting 152asset identifier 212 with default values into uncompressed media datafile 200, asset identifier 212 may be inserted 152 with asset-specificinformation. Examples of asset-specific information may include, but arenot limited to: artist information, album information, trackinformation, label information, and release date information.

As described above, digital media watermarking process 50 may includenon-realtime media manager 252, which manages the transformation ofuncompressed media data file 200 into watermarked compressed media datafile 206. In the above example wherein asset identifier 212 may beinserted 152 into uncompressed media data file 200 (in lieu oftransaction identifier 210), digital media watermarking process 50 maydirect non-realtime media manager 252 to manage the delivery ofuncompressed media data file 200 from uncompressed digital media library62 to default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256.Alternatively, if default transaction identifier embedder 254 firstembedded one or more transaction identifiers 210 into uncompresseddigital media data file 200 to form watermarked compressed media datafile 206, non-realtime media manager 252 may manage the delivery ofwatermarked compressed media data file 206 to default and/or non-genericasset identifier embedder 256 from default transaction identifierembedder 254.

For illustrative purposes, the following description assumes thatdefault transaction identifier embedder 254 has previously embedded oneor more transactional identifiers 210 into uncompressed media data file200, however this is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure.For example, default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256may insert 152 asset identifier 212 into uncompressed media data file200 without one or more transaction identifiers 210 having been inserted152.

Referring also to FIG. 6( b), there is shown a flowchart representingthe various processes that may be utilized to insert 152 assetidentifier 212 into uncompressed media data file 200 (i.e., at defaultand/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256). In preparation forinsertion 152 of asset identifier 212, non-realtime media manager 252may read 328 uncompressed media data file 200 to default and/ornon-generic asset identifier embedder 256 from default transactionidentifier embedder 254.

Additionally, non-realtime media manager 252 may also read 330 theparameters (not shown) of uncompressed media data file 200 and thewatermark. The parameters of uncompressed media data file 200, afterinsertion 152 of transaction identifier 212 by default transactionidentifier embedder 254, may include, but are not limited to: the numberof segments included within uncompressed media data file 200 (i.e., N),the number of markers included within transaction identifier 210 (i.e.,L), the number of markers included within asset identifier 212 (i.e.,M), the residual transaction identifiers (not shown), and asset-specificinformation (not shown).

Given the parameters provided by non-realtime media manager 252, defaultand/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256 may generate 332 thespread spectrum watermark. As is conventionally employed in the art, theprinciples of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) are utilized togenerate asset identifier 212. For example, and referring again to FIG.7, cosine waveform generator 306 may generate a cosine waveform basedupon an input of the desired frequency. Cosine waveform generator 306may then provide the generated cosine waveform to Binary Phase ShiftKeying (BPSK) Multiplier 308. Concurrently, pseudo-noise (pn) sequencegenerator 310 may provide an accompanying pn sequence to BPSK multiplier308, enabling BPSK multiplier 308 to generate asset identifier 212.

As is known in the art and as discussed above, a pn sequence generatormay generate a pn sequence that is a secondary sequence obtained from aroot pn sequence by cyclic rotation. Thus, pn sequence generator 310generates a cosine waveform that corresponds to the state of a chip(i.e., “1” or “0”) based on the root pn sequence. For example, a chipthat corresponds to a cosine waveform with a length of twelve samplesmay be used as to represent binary “1”, and its complement may be usedto represent binary “0”. The actual length of the generated pn sequencemay thus be given by 2¹²−1 (i.e., 4095), which may be made even byadding a dummy chip (i.e., 4095+1=4096). Accordingly, the length of asingle DSSS signal may be 49,152 samples (i.e., 4096*12), and such asignal may be used to represent a marker as described above.

Moreover, as processes utilizing BPSK multipliers inherently generatetwo types of markers (i.e., binary “1” or binary “0”), a pn sequenceconsisting of a string of binary 1's may be referred to as a positivemarker. Conversely, a pn sequence consisting of a string of binary 0'smay be referred to as a negative marker. Thus, in the event that defaultvalues are used when generating 304 the spread spectrum watermark (e.g.,transaction identifier 210 or asset identifier 212), BPSK multiplier 308may generate a positive or negative marker. However, as mentioned above,if asset-specific information is provided by e.g., non-realtime mediamanager 252, default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256may not generate 332 a positive or negative marker. Rather, defaultand/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256 may generate 332markers comprising asset identifier 212 that represent theasset-specific information.

For example, if asset-specific information is available, non-realtimemedia manager 252 may obtain an index of asset identifiers (not shown)and, using this index, obtain an asset-specific identifier (not shown).The asset-specific identifier may then be converted to a bit pattern(not shown) that may be utilized by default and/or non-generic assetidentifier embedder 256 when generating 332 the spread spectrumwatermark. Additionally, default and/or non-generic asset identifierembedder 256 may generate 332 markers including asset identifier 212that represent the bit pattern.

Referring again to FIG. 6( b), default and/or non-generic assetidentifier embedder 256 may set 334 several initial count values relatedto the embedding of asset identifier 212. As digital audio filesfrequently begin with low native spectral energy (i.e., low audiblesound), count setting 334 may establish an offset value, e.g., init,from which a first asset identifier 212 may be embedded into the digitalaudio file. The value derived for init may also include an offset for apreviously embedded watermark (e.g., transaction identifier 210).Additionally, when setting 334 an initial count value, the number ofasset identifiers 212 that may be embedded into uncompressed media datafile 200 may be calculated, taking into account not only the totalnumber of segments (i.e., N) but also any other watermarks previouslyembedded (e.g., transactional identifier 210). Setting 334 an initialcount value may also initialize a counter, e.g., assetID_count, that maybe used to maintain the current number of times asset identifier 212 hasbeen embedded.

For example, where K represents the number of asset identifiers that maybe inserted 152, K may be given as:

if (j==0) { K=J; } else if (j==1) { K=J−1; }

As will be discussed in greater detail below, one or moresynchronization markers (not shown) may be embedded into uncompressedmedia data file 200 to enhance the detectability of a watermark (e.g.,transaction identifier 210 or asset identifier 212). In such a case, thesynchronization marker may be accounted for in the calculation of K.

Given the above calculated values for, namely, the number of assetidentifiers 212 (i.e., K), the length of asset identifier 212 andtransaction identifier 210 (i.e., M and L, respectively), and the numberof segments of uncompressed media data file 200 (i.e., N), as well asother values to the extent necessary, embedding may proceed.

The remaining processes (i.e., 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, and 348)may constitute a loop for embedding asset identifier 212 a number oftimes (as represented by K). For illustrative purposes, an exemplaryembedding process is described. Default and/or non-generic assetidentifier embedder 256 may compute 336 the offset of the location inuncompressed media data file 200 where the next asset identifier 212 maybe embedded.

For example, where offset represents the location in uncompressed mediadata file 200 where the next asset identifier 212 may be embedded,offset may be given by:offset=init+assetID_count*(L+M)

Default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256 may initialize338 a segment counter (e.g., marked_segment_count) with a default value(e.g., 0) to increment as each segment is marked. A nested loop ofprocesses may be performed, starting by perceptually modulating andembedding 340 a marker (not shown) of asset identifier 212 (where Mrepresents the total number of markers constituting asset identifier212) into a segment.

As described above, well-known in the art is the process of perceptuallyweighting the amplitude of a DSSS signal (i.e., marker) to mask itsfrequency components by the spectral energy of the native audio. This isperformed to render the marker below the threshold of human hearing(i.e., inaudible). For example, a perceptually weighted embedder (notshown) may perform a perceptual masking analysis of a segment ofuncompressed media data file 200 and, using a weighting amplitudecalculator (not shown), modulate the marker to be embedded in thesegment. The perceptually weighted embedder may then embed the modulatedmarker into the segment of uncompressed media data file 200, wherein themodulated marker is inaudible to, e.g., users 88, 90, 92, 94.

After perceptually modulating and embedding 340 a marker of assetidentifier 212, default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256may increment 342 the value of the counter representing the number ofmarked segments (e.g., marked_segment_count). This nested loop ofprocesses 340, 342 may be repeated as long as the number of markedsegments is less than the number of markers constituting assetidentifier 212. That is, default and/or non-generic asset identifierembedder 256 may confirm 344 that asset identifier 212 was successfullyembedded.

Once default and/or non-generic asset identifier embedder 256 confirm344 that asset identifier 212 was embedded successfully, default and/ornon-generic asset identifier embedder 256 may increment 346 the value ofthe counter used to maintain the current number of times assetidentifier 212 has been embedded (e.g., assetID_count). Default and/ornon-generic asset identifier embedder 256 may confirm 348 that assetidentifier 212 has been embedded into uncompressed media data file 200the desired number of times (e.g., by calculating whether assetID_countis less than K). If 348 default and/or non-generic asset identifierembedder 256 does not confirm such, the process is repeated (from offsetcomputation process 336). If default and/or non-generic asset identifierembedder 256 confirms that all watermarks have been successfullyembedded 326 into uncompressed media data file 200, digital mediawatermarking process 50 has successfully generated watermarkeduncompressed media data file 204.

Referring also to FIGS. 8( a)-8(e), the order in which watermarks (e.g.,transaction identifier 210, asset identifier 212, and synchronizationword 350) may be inserted 152 may conform to a watermark scheme.Alternatively, the order may be random. Accordingly, the followingdiscussion is not to be construed as a limitation on the order ofinsertion 152.

Referring again to FIGS. 3-5, upon the completion of inserting 152 alldesired watermarks (as described above), digital media watermarkingprocess 50 may compress 154 watermarked uncompressed media data file 204to form watermarked compressed media data file 206. Digital mediawatermarking process 50 may also compress 156 uncompressed media datafile 200 to form unwatermarked compressed media data file 208. Forexample, non-realtime media manager 252 may manage the delivery ofwatermarked uncompressed media data file 204 to watermarked digitalmedia encoder 258 for compression 154. Concurrently, non-realtime mediamanager 252 may also manage the delivery of uncompressed media data file200 to unwatermarked digital media encoder 260 for compression 156.

Watermarked digital media encoder 258 and unwatermarked digital mediaencoder 260 may then compress 154, 156 watermarked uncompressed mediadata file 204 and uncompressed media data file 200, respectively.Non-realtime media manager 252 may manage the encoding parametersemployed by watermarked digital media encoder 258 and unwatermarkeddigital media encoder 260, as the compression parameters may need to besubstantially the same for modification 158 of watermarked compressedmedia data file 206. Examples of parameters employed may include, butare not limited to, the number of frames, the identity of each frame,and the size of the frames.

Any number of known compression schemes may be employed by watermarkeddigital media encoder 258 and unwatermarked digital media encoder 260.Examples of such compression schemes may include but are not limited toMPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.263, H.264, Advanced Audio Coding, and othertechniques promulgated by e.g., the International Standards Organizationand the Motion Picture Experts Group.

The resulting compressed files (i.e., watermarked compressed media datafile 206 and unwatermarked compressed media data file 208) and theirassociated parameters (not shown) may then be received by compressedmedia data library 262. Thus, compressed media data library 262 maystore two compressed versions of each uncompressed media data file 200,one watermarked version (i.e., watermarked compressed media data file206) and one unwatermarked version (i.e., unwatermarked compressed mediadata file 208).

The Realtime Process:

Referring also to FIG. 9, digital media watermarking process 50 mayperform realtime processing 364. As discussed above, transactionalinformation may not be known prior to a user (e.g., users 88, 90, 92,94) initiating a transaction, thus realtime processing 364 may beutilized by digital media watermarking process 50 to modify 158watermarked compressed media data file 206 to associate it withtransaction-specific information. Additionally, asset identifier 212 maynot have been associated with asset-specific information when assetidentifier 212 was inserted 152 into watermarked compressed media datafile 206 during non-realtime processing 250. Thus, digital mediawatermarking process 50 may utilize realtime processing 364 to modify158 watermarked compressed media data file 206 to associate assetidentifier 212 with asset-specific information.

To accomplish the above-described realtime processing 364 of digitalmedia watermarking process 50, one or more of the following may beutilized: compressed media synthesizer 366; and realtime media manager368. As will be discussed in greater detail below, compressed mediasynthesizer 366 may modify 158 watermarked compressed media data file206 by combining at least a portion of unwatermarked compressed mediadata file 208 with at least a portion of watermarked compressed mediadata file 206 to form non-generic compressed media data file 214.

Referring also to FIG. 10, there is shown an illustrative view ofcompressed media synthesizer 366. The following example explains themanner in which digital media watermarking system 50 generally (andcompressed media synthesizer 366 specifically) may modify 158watermarked compressed media data file 206 to form non-genericcompressed media data file 214. Moreover, the following example assumesthat default values (as described above) were utilized during insertion152 of transaction identifier 210 and asset identifier 212. However,this is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, asasset-specific information may be utilized during insertion 152 of assetidentifier 212. Additionally, while the following example describes themodification 158 of two watermarks (i.e., transaction identifier 210 andasset identifier 212), it is to be understood that any suitable type ofwatermark (as mentioned above) may be modified 158.

Upon request from media distribution application 60 (e.g., when one ormore of users 88, 90, 92, 94 initiates a transaction), realtime mediamanager 368 may provide a transID index and a base address for thetransID index to transaction address generator 400. Transaction addressgenerator 400 may then generate the actual address of transID andprovide such to transID binary codeword converter 402. Similarly,realtime media manager 368 may provide an assetID index and a baseaddress for the assetID index to asset address generator 404. Assetaddress generator 404 may then generate the actual address of assetIDand provide such to assetID binary codeword converter 406.

TransID binary codeword converter 402 and assetID binary codewordconverter 406 may then convert and store a binary representation of thetransID and assetID (respectively) that may be utilized for modifying158 watermarked compressed media data file 206. The binary output oftransID binary codeword converter 402 and assetID binary codewordconverter 406 may be a bitpattern (i.e., 1's and 0's), wherein eachbinary bit represents the watermark marker (as described above) oftransID and assetID, respectively.

Concurrently, realtime media manager 368 may provide the parameters ofwatermarked compressed media data file 206 and unwatermarked compressedmedia data file 208 to location and segment map generator 408. Theparameters may include, but are not limited to: the number of segments(i.e., N) included within watermarked compressed media data file 206 andunwatermarked compressed media data file 208, the number of markers(i.e., L) included within transaction identifier 210, the number ofmarkers (i.e., M) included within asset identifier 212, watermark offsetvalues (i.e., init), and the selected scheme/pattern of inserted 152watermarks (examples of which are shown in FIGS. 8( a)-8(e)). Locationand segment map generator 408 may then output a markup-map (not shown)that provides details (e.g., the location of transaction identifiers 210and asset identifiers 212) pertaining to all segments of the compressedmedia files (i.e., watermarked compressed media data file 206 andunwatermarked compressed media data file 208).

Process controller 410 may be used to direct the flow of information incompressed media synthesizer 366. For example, when process controller410 activates ctrl_a signal and deactivates ctrl_c signal, the output oflocation and segment map generator 408 may be transferred to switch 412.The output (as described above) of location and segment map generator408, after transfer to switch 412, may serve as an address to accesssegment store 414 from which the bitpattern of e.g., transID andassetID, may be copied multiple times. The amount of storage (in bits)of segment store 414 may be equal to the number of segments (i.e., N) inthe digital media data file (e.g., watermarked compressed media datafile 206) being processed.

Additionally, counter 416 may maintain a count that may be provided tosegment address generator 418 for generation of the address of a segmentwithin watermarked compressed media data file 206 and unwatermarkedcompressed media data file 208 (stored in watermarked compressed segmentbuffer 420 and unwatermarked compressed segment buffer 422,respectively) to be modified 158. Using the generated address, thecorresponding segment from watermarked compressed segment buffer 420 andunwatermarked compressed segment buffer 422 may be copied intocompressed segments selector/combiner 426. Concurrently, processcontroller 410 may activate ctrl_b signal to indicate that the count ofcounter 416 may be provided to switch 412. This may induce theindividual bits stored in segment store 414 to be copied to bit buffer424 one bit at a time.

The individual bits that were copied to bit buffer 424 may then beprovided to mapper logic 428 to be utilized by compressed segmentsselector/combiner 426. Based on the mapped value of the bit in bitbuffer 424 (at the output of mapper logic 428) compressed segmentsselector/combiner 426 may then select either the segment of watermarkedcompressed media data file 206 or unwatermarked compressed media datafile 208 in the formation of non-generic compressed media data file 214.

For example, if the mapped value of the bit in bit buffer 424 (again, atthe output of mapper logic 428) is “1”, compressed segmentsselector/combiner 426 may select the segment (e.g., segment number“100”) of watermarked compressed media data file 206 for use information of non-generic compressed media data file 214. This segment(i.e., segment number “100”) may then constitute e.g., segment number“100” of non-generic compressed media data file 214. Dependent upon themapped value of the next bit in bit buffer 424 (at the output of mapperlogic 428), the subsequent segment (e.g., segment number “101”) ofnon-generic compressed media data file 214 may be formed by using e.g.,segment number “101” of unwatermarked compressed media data file 208(i.e., if the mapped value is “0”). The result of theselection/combination of segments of watermarked compressed media datafile 206 and unwatermarked compressed media data file 208 by compressedsegments selector/combiner 426 may form non-generic compressed mediadata file 214.

The logic used by mapper logic 428 for this selection/combinationprocess accounts for several encoding concerns. For illustrativepurposes only, it may be helpful to analogize mapper logic 428 to afinal arbiter in the decision of whether to utilize a watermarkedsegment of the digital media data file (i.e., watermarked compressedmedia data file 206) or an unwatermarked segment of the digital mediadata file (i.e., unwatermarked compressed media data file 208) in theformation of non-generic compressed media data file 214. In such ananalogy, bit buffer 424 may provide the data necessary to form aparticular watermark in non-generic compressed media data file 214, andmapper logic 428 may decide, for each watermark, whether embedding isappropriate.

For example, if a series of segments have low native spectral energy(and, thus, have the undesirable effect of rendering an embeddedwatermark audible), a preexisting condition flag (e.g., with a mappedvalue of “0”) may indicate to mapper logic 428 that compressed segmentsselector/combiner 426 should only select segments from unwatermarkedcompressed media data file 208 in the formation of the correspondingsegments in non-generic compressed media data file 214. This logic mayalso be followed if mapper logic 428 is aware of metadata that may becorrupted due to the presence of a watermark.

Alternatively, if preexisting watermarks exist in e.g., uncompressedmedia data file 200 (e.g., sync words, speed change markers, contentprovider identifiers, distributor identifiers) that must be present innon-generic compressed media data file 214, mapper logic 428 mayoverride the mapped value of bit buffer 424 with a value of “1”. Thismapped value may remain effective for the sequence of segments thatcomprise the preexisting watermark, thus enabling mapper logic 428 toinstruct compressed segments selector/combiner 426 to select segmentsfrom e.g., watermarked compressed media file 206 in the formation ofthat portion of non-generic compressed media data file 214.

This selection/combination process may be repeated for all segments ofthe digital media data file as calculated at N, above. The combinationof the watermarked and unwatermarked segments may form non-genericcompressed media data file 214, which may include, but is not limitedto, a plurality of non-generic transaction identifiers 210 and assetidentifiers 212. As described above, these identifiers may be used toidentify information pertaining to specific transactions initiated bye.g., users 88, 90, 92, 94 as well as information pertaining to thespecific asset (e.g., the digital media data file). Upon completion ofthe above-described process, realtime media manager 368 may manage thetransfer of non-generic compressed media data file 214 from compressedsegments selector/combiner 426 to media distribution application 60 fore.g., delivery to one or more of users 88, 90, 92, 94.

While the above discussion describes the insertion 152 of uniquewatermarks (e.g., transaction identifier 210 and asset identifier 212),this is not intended to be a limitation. For example, digital mediawatermarking process 50 may only insert 152 transaction identifier 210(or only asset identifier 212). Furthermore, digital media watermarkingprocess 50 may insert 152 the same watermark (e.g., transactionidentifier 210 or asset identifier 212) in a multitude of locationsthroughout non-generic compressed media data file 214.

As discussed above, digital media watermarking process 50 may utilizespread spectrum technology to generate a spread spectrum watermark.Referring also to FIG. 11, there is shown section 500 of a spreadspectrum marker signal (at the output of Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) Multiplier 308).

As discussed above, digital media watermarking process 50 may utilize pnsequences. A pn sequence is a pseudorandom sequence of binary numbersand is often used in applications such as scrambling/descrambling, anddirect sequence spread spectrum communication. A reason for using a pnsequence may have to do with its properties that allow one to reliablydetect the presence of the pn sequence by correlating it with a knownsequence to find their similarity. For example, if two sequences areidentical/near identical, their correlation may possess a high peak.Conversely, if they are different, the correlation value is notpeaked/is small. Accordingly, reliable detection of pn sequence basedmarkers is possible from a portion of the pn sequence even when impactedby noise conditions, partial erasures, and intentional attacks.

To generate a pn sequence, digital media watermarking process 50 mayutilize a pn sequence generator. With respect to pn sequence generators,a primitive binary polynomial (called the generator polynomial) may beexpressed as:G(z)=g _(r) z ^(r) +g _(r-1) z ^(r-1) + . . . +g ₂ z ² +g ₁ z ¹ +g ₀

Concerning the above-stated primitive binary polynomial, the leadingterm g_(r) and the constant term g₀ of the generator polynomial may be a“1”, as the polynomial is a primitive. This may result in the updatedexpression for the generator polynomial as follows.G(z)=z ^(r) +g _(r-1) z ^(r-1) + . . . +g ₂ z ² +g ₁ z ¹+1

The general equation of the generator polynomial stated above is knownin the art as well as its mapping to the block diagram of pn sequencegenerator 310 (as shown in FIG. 12), which illustrates shift registershaving feedback and XOR adders. All r shift registers in pn sequencegenerator 310 may update their values based on the values of theincoming arrow to the shift register. The adders may perform modulo 2XOR addition (0+0=0, 0+1=1+0=1, 1+1=0). If the coefficient g_(k) is a“1”, there may be a connection between the kth register to the adder.

In general, pn sequence generator 310 may include shift registers SR₀,SR₁, SR₂, . . . , SR_(r-3), SR_(r-2), SR_(r-1); corresponding XORAdders; switches g₁, g₂, g₃, . . . g_(r-3), g_(r-2), g_(r-1), andswitches m₀, m₁, m₂, . . . , m_(r-3), m_(r-2), m_(r-1).

Basically, a pn sequence may be defined by its generator polynomialthat, in turn, specifies which of the g_(k) coefficients are 1's or 0's.For example, if the following generator polynomial is used to generate apn sequence of length 4,095, coefficients g₆, g₈, and g₁₁ may be set to“1”, and coefficients g₁, g₂, g₃, g₄, g₅, g₇, g₉, and g₁₀ may be set to“0”.G(z)=z ¹² +z ¹¹ +z ⁸ +z ⁶+1

In addition, an initial state vector (e.g., a bitpattern sequence of 1'sand 0's) may be used to provide an initial value of “1” or “0” to eachshift register. This bitpattern may have at least a single “1” to ensurea nonzero pn sequence. Further, a shift parameter may be used to shiftthe output sequence with respect to the starting point by configuringone or more switches (e.g., mask m_(k)), by setting them to “1” (i.e.,closed switch) or “0” (i.e., open switch). For instance if m₀=“1” andall other mask bits are set to “0”, this may correspond to only switchm₀ being closed while all other switches are open, thus corresponding toa delay of zero. Thus, the generator polynomial, initial bitpattern, andmask bitpattern taken together may customize pn sequence generator 310.

In order to embed the spread spectrum signal within an audio stream inan imperceptible manner, well known psychoacoustic spectral maskingproperties may be utilized. The human ear's inability to perceive tonalaudio as well as noise like frequency components in the neighborhood ofstrong spectral bands may permit the embedding of a spread spectrumwatermark. However, the amplitude of the signal should be carefullyadapted/modulated so that all frequency components are adequately maskedby the spectral energy of the native audio, thus rendering the watermarkwell below the threshold of human hearing (i.e., inaudible).

Referring also to FIG. 13, there is shown Perceptually Weighted Embedder600 that may calculate the perceptual strength to be used for embeddingand may embed a (sync or data) marker. The block diagram may be animplementation of the perceptual modulation and embedding processdiscussed above. For each marker to be embedded, a corresponding audiosegment may be input to an overlapped blocks formatter, and theresulting overlapped audio blocks may be processed by a Forward FFT,which converts time domain samples into frequency domain spectralcoefficients.

These FFT coefficients may be provided to a Normalized Spectral EnergyCalculator that computes normalized energy in bands of this coefficientblock. The normalized energy may be provided to a Critical BandIdentifier that may also receive information concerning maskingproperties of the audio block from a Masking Analyzer. The maskingproperties may be local to audio and thus the amplitude of the spreadspectrum signal to be used may be calculated in small audio blocks ofe.g., five-hundred-twelve samples with two-hundred-fifty-six new samplesand two-hundred-fifty-six samples overlapping with adjacent blocks usinga window function. The perceptual masking analysis of audio may yield amasking function PM[b] such that b=0, 1 . . . 41 as indices of criticalbands such as that in MPEG-2 Audio. Combining the spectral energydistribution with critical bands provides information about the worstcase critical band that has the lowest masking energy. This informationconcerning the worst case critical band may be used for modulation by aWeighting Amplitude Calculator, which provides the sync/data marker tobe embedded. As the perceptual weighting steps are individually known inthe state of the art, they are not elaborated in detail. The output ofWeighting Amplitude Calculator may contain the modulated sync/datamarker that is then added in an adder to the original audio, resultingin output audio including the original audio plus a perceptuallyweighted version of the marker.

For example, consider input audio signal 602 as shown in FIG. 14. Byapplying the above-described FFT procedures on blocks of audio, thespectral distribution 604 of its two-hundred-fifty six coefficients maybe computed (as shown in FIG. 15). Further, after finding normalizedenergy and computing the critical bands and the worst case criticalband, a perceptually weighted spread spectrum marker 606 may begenerated (as shown in FIG. 16).

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims.

1. A method comprising: obtaining an uncompressed digital media datafile; inserting one or more default watermarks into the uncompresseddigital media data file to form a watermarked uncompressed digital mediadata file; compressing the watermarked uncompressed digital media datafile to form a first watermarked compressed digital media data file;storing the first watermarked compressed media data file on a storagedevice; retrieving the first watermarked compressed media data file fromthe storage device; compressing the uncompressed digital media data fileto form an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file; andmodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file witha transaction identifier to form a second watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file, the modifying combining at least a portion of theunwatermarked compressed digital media data file with at least a portionof the first watermarked compressed digital media data file to form thesecond watermarked compressed digital media data file; wherein modifyingthe first watermarked compressed digital media data file comprises:generating the transaction identifier, the transaction identifierindicative, at least in part, of an association of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file with a specific transaction;converting the transaction identifier into a binary codeword; andcombining at least a portion of an unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file; wherein the binary codeword definesat least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digital media datafile and at least a portion of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file to be combined.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereinmodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data filecomprises: modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media datafile to associate the first watermarked compressed digital media datafile with an asset identifier.
 3. The method of claim 1 whereinmodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data filecomprises: modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media datafile in realtime/near realtime.
 4. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: storing the second watermarked compressed digital media datafile on the storage device.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein theuncompressed digital media data file is selected from the groupconsisting of: an audio file and a digital audio portion of a digitalaudio-visual file.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or moredefault watermarks include asset-specific information.
 7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein modifying the first watermarked compressed digital mediadata file comprises: generating an asset identifier, the assetidentifier indicative, at least in part, of a n association ofasset-specific information with the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file; converting the asset identifier into a binary codeword;and combining at least a portion of an unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file; wherein the binary codeword definesat least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digital media datafile and at least a portion of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file to be combined.
 8. A computer program product residingon a non-transitory computer readable medium having a plurality ofinstructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, causethe processor to perform operations comprising: obtaining anuncompressed digital media data file; inserting one or more defaultwatermarks into the uncompressed digital media data file to form awatermarked uncompressed digital media data file; compressing thewatermarked uncompressed digital media data file to form a firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file; storing the firstwatermarked compressed media data file on a storage device; retrievingthe first watermarked compressed media data file from the storagedevice; compressing the uncompressed digital media data file to form anunwatermarked compressed digital media data file; and modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file to associate thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file with a transactionidentifier to form a second watermarked compressed digital media datafile, the modifying combining at least a portion of the unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file to form the secondwatermarked compressed digital media data file; wherein the instructionsfor modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data filecomprise instructions for: generating the transaction identifier, thetransaction identifier indicative, at least in part, of an associationof the first watermarked compressed digital media data file with aspecific transaction; converting the transaction identifier into abinary codeword; and combining at least a portion of an unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file; wherein the binarycodeword defines at least a portion of the unwatermarked compresseddigital media data file and at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to be combined.
 9. The computerprogram product of claim 8, wherein the instructions for modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file compriseinstructions for: modifying the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file to associate the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file with an asset identifier.
 10. The computer programproduct of claim 8 wherein the instructions for modifying the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file comprise instructionsfor: modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data filein realtime/near realtime.
 11. The computer program product of claim 8further comprising instructions for: storing the second watermarkedcompressed digital media data file on the storage device.
 12. Thecomputer pro gram product of claim 8 wherein the uncompressed digitalmedia data file is selected from the group consisting of: an audio fileand a digital audio portion of a digital audio-visual file.
 13. Thecomputer program product of claim 8 wherein the one or more defaultwatermarks include asset-specific information.
 14. The computer programproduct of claim 8 wherein the instructions for modifying the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file comprise instructionsfor: generating an asset identifier, the asset identifier indicative, atleast in part, of an association of asset-specific information with thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file; converting theasset identifier into a binary codeword; and combining at least aportion of an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file with atleast a portion of the first watermarked compressed digital media datafile; wherein the binary codeword defines at least a portion of theunwatermarked compressed digital media data file and at least a portionof the first watermarked compressed digital media data file to becombined.
 15. A computing device configured to perform operationscomprising: obtaining, by the computing device, an uncompressed digitalmedia data file; inserting, by the computing device, one or more defaultwatermarks into the uncompressed digital media data file to form awatermarked uncompressed digital media data file; compressing, by thecomputing device, the watermarked uncompressed digital media data fileto form a first watermarked compressed digital media data file; storing,by the computing device, the first watermarked compressed media datafile on a storage device; retrieving, by the computing device, the firstwatermarked compressed media data file from the storage device;compressing, by the computing device, the uncompressed digital mediadata file to form an unwatermarked compressed digital media data file;and modifying, by the computing device, the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file to associate the first watermarked compresseddigital media data file with a transaction identifier to form a secondwatermarked compressed digital media data file, the modifying includingcombining at least a portion of the unwatermarked compressed digitalmedia data file with at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to form the second watermarkedcompressed digital media data file; wherein modifying the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file comprises: generating thetransaction identifier, the transaction identifier indicative, at leastin part, of an association of the first watermarked compressed digitalmedia data file with a specific transaction; converting the transactionidentifier into a binary codeword; and combining at least a portion ofan unwatermarked compressed digital media data file with at least aportion of the first watermarked compressed digital media data file;wherein the binary codeword defines at least a portion of theunwatermarked compressed digital media data file and at least a portionof the first watermarked compressed digital media data file to becombined.
 16. The computing device of claim 15 wherein modifying thefirst watermarked compressed digital media data file comprises:modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data file toassociate the first watermarked compressed digital media data file withan asset identifier.
 17. The computing device of claim 15 whereinmodifying the first watermarked compressed digital media data filecomprises: modifying the first watermarked compressed digital media datafile in realtime/near realtime.
 18. The computing device of claim 15,the computing device further configured to perform operationscomprising: storing the second watermarked compressed digital media datafile on the storage device.
 19. The computing device of claim 15 whereinthe uncompressed digital media data file is selected from the groupconsisting of: an audio file and a digital audio portion of a digitalaudio-visual file.
 20. The computing device of claim 15 wherein the oneor more default watermarks include asset-specific information.
 21. Thecomputing device of claim 15 wherein modifying the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file comprises: generating an assetidentifier, the asset identifier indicative, at least in part, of anassociation of asset specific information with the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file; converting the asset identifier intoa binary codeword; and combining at least a portion of an unwatermarkedcompressed digital media data file with at least a portion of the firstwatermarked compressed digital media data file; wherein the binarycodeword defines at least a portion of the unwatermarked compresseddigital media data file and at least a portion of the first watermarkedcompressed digital media data file to be combined.